Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication. It is the coordination of the language means and stylistic devices which shapes the distinctive features of each style and not the language means or stylistic devices themselves.

Each style, however, can be recoquized by one or more leading features which are especially conspicuous. For instance the use of special terminology is a lexical characteristics of the style of scientific prose, and one by which it can easily be recognized.

A style of language can be fined as a system of coordinated, interrelated and inter-coordinated language means intended to full-fill a specific function of communication and aiming at a defined effect. Style of language is a historical category.

The English literary system has evolved a number of styles easily distinguishable one from another. They are not homogeneous and fall into several variants of having some central point of resemblance or better to say. All integrated by the invariant  - i.e. the abstract ideal system.

They are:

• 1) Official(documents and papers);
• 2) Scientific (brochures, articles, other scientific publications);
• 3) Publicistic (essay, public speech);
• 4) Newspaper style(mass media);
• 5) Belles-lettres style(genre of creative writing);

Each of mentioned here styles  can be expressed in two forms: written and oral.

Stylistics is a sides that examines the complex of stylistically marked elements of any language level.

• 1) scientific style is employed in professional communication to convey some information. It’s most conspicuous feature is the abundance of terms denoting objects, phenomena and processes characteristics of some particular field of science and technique. Also precision clarity logical cohesion.
• 2) Official style is the most conservative one. It uses syntactical constructions and archaic words. Emotiveness is banned out of this style.
• 3) Publicistic style is famous for its explicit pragmatic function of persuasion directed at influencing the reader in accordance with the argumentation of the author.
• 4) Newspaper style - special graphical means are used to attract the readers attention.
• 5) Belles-lettres style - the richest register of communication besides its own language means, other styles can be used besides informative and persuasive functions, belles-lettres style has a unique task to impress the reader are aesthetically.

Rhyme

Rhyme /raim / is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sounds, chaining two or more lines of a poem.

Rhyme has several functions:
• it adds a musical quality to the poem;
• it makes the poem easier to remember;
• it affects the pace and tone of the poem.

There are several different types of rhyme:
1. True/perfect/full rhyme (точная)-identical sounds correspond exactly
Boat-float;     might-right;     kite-night;     day-say;     goes-flows

2. Incomplete/imperfect/half rhyme/slant rhyme (приблизительная):
fresh-flesh;   road-boat;   loads-lads;   honour-won her (составная).

3. Eye-rhyme (видимая, приблизительная):
advice-compromise;   have-grave;   love-prove;   flood-doom (ассонансы и консонансы)

4. End rhymes (концевая) fall at the end of the lines. They mark the end of the line.

5. Internal rhymes (внутренняя) occur within the same line:
‘I bring fresh showers to the thirsting flowers’
The internal rhyme has two functions: dissevering and consolidating, realized simultaneously.

According to the way the rhymes are arranged within the stanza, there are some certain models:
• Couplets-aa(смежная)
• Cross rhymes-abab(перекрестная)
• Framing rhyme-abba(рамочная)

Graphons is unusual, non-standard spelling of words, showing authentic pronunciation, some peculiarity in pronouncing words or phrases emphatically.
‘Thquire! Your thervant! Thith ith a bad pieth of buithnith…’ (i.e. ‘Squire! Your servant! This is a bad piece of business’.
Most graphons show features of territorial or social dialect of the speaker.
‘Is that my wife? …I see it is, from your fyce…What gyme ‘as she been plying’? You gotta tell me ‘(London cockney dialect)
As for American English, here is an example of the Missouri Negro dialect from ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer’:
‘You know dat one-leigged nigger dat b’longs to old Misto Brandish? Well he sot up a bank, en say anybody dat put in a dollar would git fo’ dollars mo’ at en ‘er de year…’

The noun onomatopoeia is thought to has been first used in around 1577 AD. According to the Oxford Dictionary, the word onomatopoeia originates from the Greek word onomatopoiia meaning 'word-making'. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary reports the onomatopoiia is derived from the Greek onoma 'name' and poiein 'to make'.

Examples:

achoo—used to represent the sound of a sneeze

ahem—used especially to attract attention or to express disapproval or embarrassment

baa-to make the bleat of a sheep

bah—used to express disdain or contempt

bam-a sudden loud noise —often used interjectionally to indicate a sudden impact or occurrence <was fine, then bam, he lost his job>

bang-1: to strike sharply : <banged his knee>
2: to knock, hit, or thrust vigorously often with a sharp noise <banged the door shut>

bark-1 a: to make the characteristic short loud cry of a dog b: to make a noise resembling a bark
2: to speak in a curt loud and usually angry tone : transitive verb
1: to utter in a curt loud usually angry tone <an officer barking orders>
2: to advertise by persistent outcry <barking their wares>

bash-1: to strike violently : ; also : to injure or damage by striking : —often used with in
2: to attack physically or verbally <media bashing> <celebrity bashing>intransitive verb:

bawl-intransitive verb
1 : to cry out loudly and unrestrainedly
2 : to cry loudly :
transitive verb : to cry out at the top of one's voice

beep - : a short usually high-pitched sound (as from a horn or an electronic device) that serves as a signal or warning

blare-intransitive verb : to sound loud and strident <radios blaring>
transitive verb
1 : to sound or utter raucously <sat blaring the car horn>
2 : to proclaim flamboyantly <headlines blared his defeat>

blurt-to utter abruptly and impulsively —usually used with out

bong: the deep resonant sound especially of a bell

bonk: <bonked him over the head>

boo—used to express contempt or disapproval or to startle or frighten

boom-intransitive verb

buzz-intransitive verb

chatter-intransitive verb

cheep-1 : to utter faint shrill sounds :
2 : to utter a single word or sound

chirp-intransitive verb : to make a chirp or a sound resembling a chirp
transitive verb : to utter with a cheerful liveliness <she chirped “good morning”>

clang-intransitive verb

clank-intransitive verb
1 : to make a clank or series of <the radiator hissed and clanked>
2 : to go with or as if with a clank <tanks clanking through the streets>
transitive verb : to cause to clank

clap-transitive verb
1: to strike (as two flat hard surfaces) together so as to produce a sharp percussive noise
2 a: to strike (the hands) together repeatedly usually in applause b:
3: to strike with the flat of the hand in a friendly way <clapped his friend on the shoulder>
4: to place, put, or set especially energetically <clap him into jail> <since I first clapped eyes on it>
5: to improvise or build hastily <a hut clapped together from old plywood>intransitive verb
1: to produce a percussive sound; especially :
2: to go abruptly or briskly

clatter-intransitive verb
1 : to make a rattling sound <the dishes clattered on the shelf>
2 : to talk noisily or rapidly
3 : to move or go with a clatter <clattered down the stairs>
transitive verb : to cause to clatter

click-transitive verb

clink-intransitive verb : to give out a slight sharp short metallic sound
transitive verb : to cause to clink

cluck-intransitive verb
1 : to make a cluck
2 : to make a clicking sound with the tongue
3 : to express interest or concern <critics clucked over the new developments>
transitive verb
1 : to call with a cluck
2 : to express with interest or concern

clunk-intransitive verb
1 : to make a clunk
2 : to hit something with a clunk
transitive verb : to strike or hit with a clunk

crackle-intransitive verb

crunch-intransitive verb

cuckoo-1: a largely grayish-brown European bird (Cuculus canorus) that is a parasite given to laying its eggs in the nests of other birds which hatch them and rear the offspring; broadly : any of a large family (Cuculidae of the order Cuculiformes) to which this bird belongs
2: the call of the cuckoo
3: a silly or slightly crackbrained person

ding-transitive verb : to dwell on with tiresome repetition <keeps dinging it into him that the less he smokes the better — Samuel Butler died 1902>
intransitive verb
1 : to make a ringing sound :
2 : to speak with tiresome reiteration

drip-transitive verb

eek—used to express surprise or dismay

fizz-1 : to make a hissing or sputtering sound :
2 : to show excitement or exhilaration

flick-1 : a light sharp jerky stroke or movement <a flick of the wrist>
2 : a sound produced by a flick

L i t o t e s is a stylistic device consisting of a peculiar use of negative constructions.. Litotes is a deliberate understatement used to produce a stylistic effect. It is not a pure negation, but a negation that includes affirmation. So the negation in litotes must not be regarded as a mere denial of the quality mentioned. The structural aspect of the negative combination backs up the semantic aspect: the negatives no and not are more emphatically pronounced than in ordinary negative sentences, thus bringing to mind the corresponding antonym.The stylistic effect of litotes depends mainly on intonation. If we compare two intonation patterns, one which suggests a mere denial (It is not bad as a contrary to It is bad) with the other which suggests the assertion of a positive quality of the object (It is not bad==it is good), the difference will become apparent. The degree to which litotes carries the positive quality in itself can be estimated by analysing the semantic structure of the word which is negated. Litotes is used in different styles of speech, excluding those which may be called the matter-of-fact styles, like official style and scientific prose. In poetry it is sometimes used to suggest that language fails to adequately convey the poet's feelings and therefore he uses negations to express the inexpressible. Shakespeare's Sonnet No. 130 is to some extent illustrative in this respect. Here all the hackneyed phrases used by the poet to depict his beloved are negated with the purpose of showing the superiority of the earthly qualities of "My mistress." The first line of this sonnet 'My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun' is a clear-cut litotes although the object to which the eyes are compared is generally perceived as having only positive qualities.

She's not the brightest girl in the class.

He's not the most handsome fellow!

They aren't the happiest couple around.

They aren't the happiest couple around.

He's not the ugliest fellow around!

The food is not bad.

It is no ordinary city.

That sword was not useless to the warrior now.

He was not unfamiliar with the works of Dickens.

You are not wrong.

Einstein is not a bad mathematician.

Heat waves are not rare in the summer.

It won't be easy to find crocodiles in the dark.

That's no small accomplishment.

He is not the kindest person I've met.

That is no ordinary boy.

He is not unaware of what you said behind his back.

This is no minor matter.

The weather is not unpleasant at all.

She's no doll.

That was no small issue.

The city is not unclean.

Rap videos with dancers in them are not uncommon

Running a marathon in under two hours is no small accomplishment.

She's no idiot.

That's not a meager sum.

You're not doing badly.

That's no mean feat.

She's not a bad writer at all.

Enumeration is a SD by which separate things, properties or actions are brought together and form a chain of grammatically and semantically homogeneous parts of the utterance. Sometimes absolutely heterogeneous notions are made homogeneous from the semantic point of view.
e. g. She wasn't sure of anything and more, of him, herself, their friends, her work, her future.

Asyndeton is a deliberate avoidance of conjunctions in constructions in which they would normally used. e.g. He couldn't go abroad alone, the sea upset his liver, he hated hotels.
Polysyndeton - is a deliberate usage (overuse) of connectives between the parts of the sentence. It’s mostly identical repetition of conjunctions: used to emphasize simultaneousness of described actions, to disclose the authors subjective attitude towards the characters, to create the rhythmical effect.
e. g. The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet, could boast of the advantage over him in only one respect. The difference between the Enumeration and P: the first shows things united, the second – isolated.

Ellipsis, break in the narrative, represented speech.
Ellipsis - is a deliberate omission of some parts of the sentence for the purpose of shorter and more emphatic presentation of an emotionally coloured speech. It is the omission of a word necessary for the complete syntactical construction of a sentence, but not necessary for understanding The stylistic function of ellipsis is to speed up the tempo, to imitate the colloquial language, to connect its structure.
e. g. You feel all right? Anything wrong or what? Oh, finally! Go! Stop it! Nor more!

Question in the narrative. Changes the real nature of a question and turns it into a stylistic device. A question in the narrative is asked and answered by one and the same person, usually the author. It becomes akin to a parenthetical statement with strong emotional implications. e. g. For what is left the poet here? For Greeks a blush - for Greece a tear. (Byron “Don Juan”)
Unlike rhetorical questions it does not contain statements. Question in the narrative is very often used in oratory. This is explained by one of the leading features of oratorical style - to induce the desired reaction to the content of the speech.

But I noticed that many linguists don't have such stylistic device as question in the narrative in their manuals, at all. To say the truth, difference is not clear.

The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play which suggests two or more meanings, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.

examples:

A bicycle can't stand alone because it is two-tired.

When a clock is hungry it goes back four seconds.
He often broke into song because he couldn't find the key.

Zeugma- A rhetorical term for the use of a word to modify or govern two or more words although  
its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one.

You are free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you see fit."
"He carried a strobe light and the responsibility for the lives of his men."
"[H]e was alternately cudgelling his brains and his donkey when, passing  
workhouse, his eyes encountered the bill on the gate."

Hyperbole, the counterpart of understatement, deliberately exaggerates conditions for emphasis or effect. In formal writing the hyperbole must be clearly intended as an exaggeration, and should be carefully restricted. That is, do not exaggerate everything, but treat hyperbole like an exclamation point, to be used only once a year. Then it will be quite effective as a table-thumping attention getter, introductory to your essay or some section thereof:

Or it can make a single point very enthusiastically:

Or you can exaggerate one thing to show how really different it is from something supposedly similar to which it is being compared:

Understatement deliberately expresses an idea as less important than it actually is, either for ironic emphasis or for politeness and tact. When the writer's audience can be expected to know the true nature of a fact which might be rather difficult to describe adequately in a brief space, the writer may choose to understate the fact as a means of employing the reader's own powers of description. For example, instead of endeavoring to describe in a few words the horrors and destruction of the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, a writer might state:

• The 1906 San Francisco earthquake interrupted business somewhat in the downtown area.

The effect is not the same as a description of destruction, since understatement like this necessarily smacks of flippancy to some degree; but occasionally that is a desirable effect. Consider these usages:

• Henry and Catherine were married, the bells rang, and everybody smiled . . . . To begin perfect happiness at the respective ages of twenty-six and eighteen is to do pretty well . . . . --Jane Austen
• Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse. --Jonathan Swift
• You know I would be a little disappointed if you were to be hit by a drunk driver at two a.m., so I hope you will be home early.

In these cases the reader supplies his own knowledge of the facts and fills out a more vivid and personal description than the writer might have.

Metonymy-a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty").

Metonymy is also the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it, such as describing someone's clothing to characterize the individual.

Examples and Observations:

• "Many standard items of vocabylary are metonymic. A red-letter day is important, like the feast days marked in red on church calendars. . . . On the level of slang, a redneck is a stereotypical member of the white rural working class in the Southern U.S., originally a reference to necks sunburned from working in the fields."
  (Connie Eble, "Metonymy." The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992)
• "Fear gives wings."
  (Romanian proverb)
• "Detroit is still hard at work on an SUV that runs on rain forest trees and panda blood."
  (Conan O'Brien)
• "Metonymy is common in cigarette advertising in countries where legislation prohibits depictions of the cigarettes themselves or of people using them."
  (Daniel Chandler, Semiotics. Routledge, 2007)
• "I stopped at a bar and had a couple of double Scotches. They didn't do me any good. All they did was make me think of Silver Wig, and I never saw her again."
  (Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep)
• "One of the favorite American metonymic processes is the one in which a part of a longer expression is used to stand for the whole expression. Here are some examples for the 'part of an expression for the whole expression' metonymy in American English:
  

  Danish for Danish pastry
  shocks for shock absorbers
  wallets for wallet-sized photos
  Ridgemont High for Ridgemont High School
  the States for the United States

  (Zoltán Kövecses, American English: An Introduction. Broadview, 2000)

• The White House asked the television networks for air time on Monday night.
• "Whitehall prepares for a hung parliament."
  (The Guardian, January 1, 2009)
• The suits on Wall Street walked off with most of our savings.
• "The B.L.T. left without paying."
  (waitress referring to a customer)

"If metaphor works by transposing qualities from one plane of reality to another,metonymy works by associating meanings within the same plane. . . . The representation of reality inevitably involves a metonym: we choose a part of 'reality' to stand for the whole. The urban settings of television crime serials are metonyms--a photographed street is not meant to stand for the street itself, but as a metonym of a particular type of city life--inner-city squalor, suburban respectability, or city-centre sophistication."

(John Fiske, Introduction to Communication Studies, 2nd ed. Routledge, 1992)

"What's the life?" is the question of previous lesson.

Life is like a piece of paper.

Someone will write an anecdote,story or even roman on it.

But manuscripts won't burn))))))))))))))

Stylistic analysis in linguistics refers to the identification of patterns of usage in speech and writing. Stylistic analysis in literary studies is usually made for the purpose of commenting on quality and meaning in a text. Stylistics, in other words, is the study of style used in literary and verbal language and the effect writer or speaker wishes to communicate to the reader or hearer. It attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language, such as socialization, the production or reception of meaning, literary criticism and critical discourse analysis.

A literary genre can be seen as a set of style characteristics that is commonly recognized and agreed upon. For example, prose and poetry, the latter often involve rhyme while the former does not. Other aspects include the use of dialogue, the description of scenes, the use of active passive voice and the distribution of the sentence length etc. Stylistic analysis is a normal part of literary studies. It is practised as a part of understanding the possible meanings in a text.